Economic Forecasting Paper

The most significant asset that we felt that would be utilized to assemble chronicled financial information just as monetary conjecture information would be overviews of different customers accounts paper author premium 3d. The purchaser fund overview would be utilized to compute all pay of every individual family. These overviews of buyer funds for every individual family in the United States would be viewed as a subjective sort of examination, however on occasion can likewise be a quantitative exploration as well.During these studies we sees that the subjective part of them can decide their outcomes with the assistance of other exploration and studies, while the quantitative parts of the survey’s results are comprised of all the numerical numbers from each question. The different elements of interest and flexibly are Exchange rates, the appropriation of salary, Expectations, and Monetary and financial arrangements. Another move factor of total flexibly is an adjustment in th e efficiency of the variables of creation, for example, labor.Other move factors are changes in import costs of conclusive merchandise and changes in extract and deals charges. Market analysts invest a great deal of energy following these move factors since they are key to whether the economy will have an expansion issue. Total interest the executives strategy endeavors to impact the degree of yield in the economy by affecting total interest and depending on the multiplier to extend any arrangement instigated change in total demand.The adequacy of changes in monetary approaches utilizing Keynesian and Classical models are, financial experts who concentrated on since a long time ago run issues, for example, development were called Classical market analysts and business analysts who concentrated on the short run were called Keynesian financial specialists. Old style financial experts put stock in the market’s capacity to act naturally directing through the undetectable hand. A Classical financial expert adopts a free enterprise strategy, and accepts the economy is automatic. A Keynesian financial expert adopts an interventionist strategy, and accepts that harmony yield can stay underneath likely yield. Monetary Forecasting Paper The most significant asset that we felt that would be utilized to assemble authentic monetary information just as financial estimate information would be studies of different customers funds exposition author premium 3d. The buyer money overview would be utilized to ascertain all pay of every individual family. These studies of purchaser accounts for every individual family in the United States would be viewed as a subjective kind of exploration, however on occasion can likewise be a quantitative examination as well.During these studies we sees that the subjective part of them can decide their outcomes with the assistance of other examination and studies, while the quantitative parts of the survey’s results are comprised of all the numerical numbers from each question. The different variables of interest and flexibly are Exchange rates, the dissemination of pay, Expectations, and Monetary and financial approaches. Another move factor of total gracefully is an adjustment in the efficiency of the variables of creation, for example, labor.Other move factors are changes in import costs of conclusive products and changes in extract and deals charges. Financial experts invest a great deal of energy following these move factors since they are vital to whether the economy will have an expansion issue. Total interest the board strategy endeavors to impact the degree of yield in the economy by affecting total interest and depending on the multiplier to extend any approach incited change in total demand.The adequacy of changes in financial arrangements utilizing Keynesian and Classical models are, market analysts who concentrated on since a long time ago run issues, for example, development were called Classical business analysts and financial experts who concentrated on the short run were called Keynesian financial experts. Traditional financial experts trusted in the market’s capacity to act naturally managing through the undetectable hand. A Classical mar ket analyst adopts a free enterprise strategy, and accepts the economy is automatic. A Keynesian market analyst adopts an interventionist strategy, and accepts that balance yield can stay beneath expected yield.

Letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Rawls Justice As Fairness Philosophy Essay

Rawls Justice As Fairness Philosophy Essay In this exposition I will present a scrutinize of Rawls distinction standard I will draw out the favorable circumstances and issues of Rawls hypothesis according to each finish of the political range; In a correlation with communist idea by method of Cohen, and liberal idea by method of Nozick. Comparable to Nozick I will at first set out his qualification hypothesis demonstrating his reactions of Rawlsian hypothesis; I will proceed to favor Rawls and show that Nozicks devised position of redistribution as an encroachment to freedom and tax assessment as constrained work is unmistakably frightful. Cohen hopes to feature irregularities in the Rawlsian hypothesis, addressing, If you are a populist, who come you are so rich? Cohen features the ethical discretion of Rawls motivating forces contention dependent on an ethical premise of network esteems, and shows that a Pareto-improving correspondence saving redistribution can exist; generally the two desiderata can coincide. To show this I will initially, give a concise outline of Rawls Theory of Justice. Furthermore, I will concentrate on the distinction rule itself for more profound investigation. Thirdly, I will investigate a conservative issue with Rawls; looking at Robert Nozick and his work, Anarchy, State and Utopia. Fourthly, I will investigate a left wing issue with Rawls; looking at G. A. Cohen and his work, Rescuing Justice and Equality. At long last, I will conclude㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ Rawls Justice as Fairness Aristotle imagined the elements of a hypothesis of equity; he held that it is the activity of a decent political course of action to furnish every single individual with what they have to get equipped for living rich and prospering human lives. [1] In differentiate Rawls takes equity to be simply the primary excellence of social institutions. [2] Rawls set himself the undertaking of setting up what moral standards ought to administer the essential structure of simply society. [3] Taking impact from the Social Contract tradition [4] Rawls needs us to inspect the inquiry from a speculative angle; affirming that we can go to a discerning choice on the standards of equity on the off chance that we picked them from a unique situation, behind a cloak of ignorance. [5] These are two focal thoughts at the core of Rawls hypothesis of equity, which he alludes to as equity as reasonableness. Equity for Rawls is the theoretical agreement that would rise up out of this psychol ogical test; in denying individuals of particularizing information individuals will normally picked reasonable standards as opposed to permitting that information to inclination the selection of standards in their own interest. [6] The instinctive thought is the connection among reasonableness and numbness. On the off chance that I don't realize which bit of cake I will get, I am bound to cut decently than if I do. [7] From the scope of originations of equity accessible to them the judicious selection of people in the first position would be the two standards which include equity as reasonableness. The primary standard requires correspondence in the task of essential freedoms (rights and duties). [8] The second guideline is worried about social and monetary disparities, and itself has two sections: the rule of reasonable equity of chance, which has need over, the distinction rule; which holds that social and financial imbalances are simply just on the off chance that the y boost the advantage of the least advantaged individuals from society.â [9]â All social essential products freedom and opportunity, pay and riches, and the bases of sense of pride are to be disseminated similarly except if an inconsistent appropriation of any or these merchandise is to the upside of the least favoured.â [10]â Taken together these imply that an equitable society will, first and generally significant, give every one of its individuals a similar arrangement of fundamental freedoms or rights: opportunity of articulation, of religion, of relationship, of financial imbalances, it will ensure that all residents appreciate uniformity of chance in the process by which they come to accomplish (and maintain a strategic distance from) the inconsistent remunerated positions. At last, it will possibly permit such disparities at all in the event that they tend, after some time to boost the situation of the most noticeably terrible off citizenry. The focal thought behind Rawlss standards appears to be sufficiently clear: the yield or income of a training is to be disseminated similarly, except if some example of inconsistent appropriation can, in the way outlined above, be made to work for everyones advantage, and given that everybody has a taken shots at the better-paid jobs. The Difference Principle Rawls recognizes that imbalance is a characteristic event yet like numerous normal things which enlightened society defeats for more prominent's benefit it is additionally conceivable that society can limit the holes of disparity. Rawls states, The characteristic circulation is neither just nor crooked; nor is it simply that people are naturally introduced to society at some specific positions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ these are essentially normal realities. What is only and in simply is the way that foundations manage these facts.â [11]â He accepted the best to create a fair society is to raise the desires for those most exceedingly terrible off individuals. Rawls doesn't need a meritocracy and thusly doesn't put stock in compensation for ones deserts. Initially, on the grounds that it is extremely unlikely in characterizing the imperative measures of deservedness in the first position; besides, it neglects to recognize moral desert and genuine desire. He saw that achievement was generally an aftereffect of monetary and social luck; the work that somebody put into their prosperity was not the component that caused individuals to merit high pay as the chance to succeed is successfully unimaginable without society. Accordingly, society merits the compensation for having empowered you to prevail by any means. Moreover gifts you are brought into the world with ought not allow you to order an unreasonable prize for your lottery achievement (For example incredible artists or game stars). Indeed, even the ability to put forth an attempt, to attempt, thus to be meriting in the standard sense is itself subordinate upon cheerful family and social circumstances.â [12]â Rawls along these lines accepted that individuals should be sufficiently paid to give them a motivating force to work and enough for them to likewise offer back to society (for example through duty) however ideally in more straightforward methods as he didn't have confidence in the stream down framework. With this methodology he isn't remunerating those normally less blessed for their misfortune nor restricting the skilled from cornering all their good karma, there can be an extraordinary salary difference between individuals however this must be reflected in the advantage of the most exceedingly awful off. He states, Injustice, at that point, is basically disparities that are not to the advantage off all. [13] To finish up it appears to be clear that the subsequent standard is just about riches and its redistribution so it benefits society all in all. Nozick Anarchy, State and Utopia Nozick rejects that imbalances must serve, after some time, maximally to advance the well-creatures of the least advantaged citizenry. On the other hand he guards the possibility of the insignificant state advancing a standard of self-proprietorship that leaves individuals allowed to do what they like with property that is theirs; a rule that could legitimize extraordinary inequality. [14] Nozick affirms that; the rationale that drives you to limit the financial freedoms in the manner that you do, ought to likewise lead you to confine common freedoms in manners that you dont need to confine them. Basically libertarian radicalism rendered inside reliable yields old style liberalism. [15] Hence, Nozick hopes to apply the liberal rules that conflict with state authorization (for example the right to speak freely of discourse, free affiliation, free movement) to monetary principles. [16] Nozick clarifies by method of analogy:â [17]â if I were to conclude I would not like to fit in with a cultural arrangement of tax collection and redistributive equity and I were not to utilize any of the advantages that originated from it, (for example social government assistance, instruction, human services, and so on.), could the state drive myself to remain inside its fringes and power myself to fit in with the cultural framework? He subjectively brings up this would be ethically off-base, conflicting with the standard of free movement, encroaching your freedom. Be that as it may, imagine a scenario in which I was again to quit a similar arrangement of tax assessment and stay in the district, by method of a legally binding concurrence with the administration whereby I never need to make good on burden yet can never expend any duty arrangements. Would this be simply? Is it true that we are captives to the state? In applying the equivalent uncontroversial liberal standards to financial aspects Nozick is featuring the way that tax assessment and redistribution of riches encroaches our freedom, limiting our free decision to adjust or not to the desires of the administration. Any dispersion of riches can be simply in the event that it happened by people groups free decisions. He condemns end-state and designed speculations, for example, Rawls hypothesis of distributive equity, as concentrating on the occasion, seeing things are presently not how things happened. As opposed to his own verifiable standards; the main thing isn't who has what, however how they got it; to be simply in financial terms is to have a perfect history, based on shared understanding and intentional assent. Nozick gives us the similarity of Wilt Chamberlin to extrapolate his claims:â [18]â he asks us to Determine an underlying dispersion which we feel is authentic, and afterward contends that we naturally lean toward his standard of move to liberal standards of redistribution as a record of what individuals can genuinely do with their resources.â [19]â Wither Chamberlin (a skilled ball player) shows up around; he consents to play a round of b-ball, fans can look for the charge of $1.25, with 25 pennies going legitimately to Wilt. This understanding in went into willfully by every willing member. Assume now a large portion of the number of inhabitants in the town were to consent to the proposed agreement and were eager to pay cash to see Wilt play, and a large portion of the populatio

Macroindividual free essay sample

I have to clarify the utilizations, issue and basically analyze the utilizations or issues with genuine models. Question 1 Briefly clarify the employments of National Income Statistics. Correlation after some time According to Vengedasalam D. what's more, Madhavan K. (2010), national pay ready to express the economy’s execution whether is advancing, deteriorating or falling apart on yearly premise from national pay figures. For instance like Singapore, their national salary has improved consistently throughout the years which demonstrate that the nation have a steady economy and high in efficiency. With respect to economies in nations, for example, India, China, and Bangladesh are deteriorating and should make a move to build their development and improvement. Anyway nations, for example, Vietnam, Cambodia, and some African nations have disintegrated regarding monetary execution. Examinations between Countries Ali H. (1999) expressed that we can separate the turn of events and creating nations through national salary. As per a universal association, OECD (Organization Economic Cooperation and Development) measurement, Singapore was the thirteenth most extravagant nation on the planet. We will compose a custom article test on Macroindividual or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page OECD is to handle the nation execution to appraise the nation is created or as yet creating. Nations, for example, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Bangladesh and the greater part of the Asian states are the more unfortunate countries. Estimation the Standard of Living According to Vengedasalam D. what's more, Madhavan K. (2010), across the nation income data ready to assist us with assessing the quality way of life of people in various countries and the people living in similar countries at various occasions. There is a relationship between's national salary and way of life since when pay is high, expectations for everyday comforts is high; when pay is low, expectations for everyday life is low. For instance nations, for example, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia have high national salary and furthermore exclusive requirements of living. Be that as it may, with respect to the nations, for example, Ethiopia and Myanmar have low national salary prompts low expectations for everyday comforts. Equalization of Payment Ali H. (1999) expressed that strength of exchange can be decide as the total of costs and solicitations that a country produces as consequence of move and exchange worldwide with different countries. We can roughly compute whether the country will confront need or abundance equalization of exchange through the across the country profit information. There will be a yield of forex from the country and this will prompt disequilibrium in the total measure of exchange if income paid abroad are far more noteworthy than profit got abroad. National Planning According to Vengedasalam D. furthermore, Madhavan K. (2010), national arranging likewise knows as arranging of every one of the nations which dependent on the national pay measurement, the administration will detail its present moment and long haul financial arranging. For this situation, Karl E. Case and Ray C. Reasonable (2003) expressed based on present financial execution, the legislature should gauge future turns of events. This which if pay increment, plans for the future will build; same goes to if pay decline, plans for the future will diminish. This likewise significant and why all the nations need to examine information on national salary. Question 2 Discuss the issues engaged with figuring the GNP per capita of an economy. Underground Economy OSullivan A. , Sheffrin S. M. , and Perez S. J. (2012) expressed that one of the critical issues from estimated GDP is supposed underground economy where exchanges are not answered to authentic specialists. As indicated by Lipsey (1998), a few exchanges are splendidly lawful, however for the individuals don't report their pay that they have produced it is on the grounds that they needed to abstain from covering charges. For instance handyman who fixes pipes spillages in the can and just get installment with money which is to maintain a strategic distance from charges and these exchanges are not recorded so they are rejected from GDP. As indicated by Tucker I. B. (2008), some exchange, for example, illicit betting, unlawful medications, unlawful firearms prostitution, and advance shark are merchandise and ventures that meets each prerequisite for GDP however GDP does exclude unreported lawbreakers exercises. Nonmarket Activities According to Lipsey (1998), dealings that don't take position in the organized business are additionally being ignores by GDP. For representations like arrangements that people accomplish for themselves in their own homes in light of the fact that these arrangements are not traveled through business sectors; this is so GDP analysts can't assess them. Exhaust I. B. (2008) expressed nonmarket exercises that are not moved however the business sectors, for example, homemaker creation, do-it-without anyone else's help exercises, childcare administrations, and intentional work. Issue of Illiteracy Vengedasalam D. what's more, Madhavan K. 2010) expressed that issue of absence of education most occur in underdeveloped nations like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, India, and numerous African countries which the individuals there don't have a clue how to keep records of their beneficial exercises. With this issue of lack of education, the administrations of these nations wi ll experience issues in getting data, for example, assessed estimation of home created item. For instance individuals there don't have information on showcasing and money which causes them to don't have the foggiest idea about the estimation of item they are selling. Issues of Expertise According to Vengedasalam D. nd Madhavan K. (2010), one of the serious issues of creating nations is lack of experts. So as to quantify the national salary precisely, we need the expert administrations, for example, analysts, examiners, software engineers, scientists. With these experts in the creating nations will have the option to introduce the national pay information precisely with less specialized and human blunders. For instance if the nation don't have software engineer, they have to record the national pay information in papers and there will be progressively human blunders. Absence of Sophisticated Machinery Vengedasalam D. also, Madhavan K. (2010) expressed that specialized angle is as significant as human factor. Specialized viewpoint, for example, having advanced hardware is expected to register information and data. For instance, issues that creating nations like Indonesia and Peru are confronting the issue of specialized specialists and specialized gear. There nations need this most recent and advance apparatus to register huge volume of information. At long last, information that gathered on national salary should be broke down utilizing modern hardware paying little mind to which technique is utilized. Question 3 Clarify with models whether you bolster its utilization as a proportion of personal satisfaction in a nation. No, I don't bolster its uses as an assessment of all out prosperity in a country. The variables as follows: Problem of Illiteracy Third world nations like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, India, and numerous African country confronting this issues wherein the individuals there don't have the foggiest idea how to keep records of their beneficial exercises. For instance, Memon G. R. (2007) expressed Pakistan has perhaps the littlest cost of subtleties on the globe, and the littlest among countries of relative assets and open or budgetary conditions. With a for every nearby family members income of over $450 Pakistan has a more seasoned subtleties measure of 49%, while both Vietnam and Local Indian local with less per close family members profit have subtleties costs of 94% and 52%, individually (Human Development Middle, 1998). Information is more noteworthy in places and in the regions of Sindh and Punjab, among the more noteworthy income gathering, and in men. Nonmarket Activities According to Shaheen S. , Sial M. H. , Awan M. S. (2011), womans alternative about commitment in work advertise is of urgent significance in deciding expectation for everyday comforts, reliance stress and sparing structure in homes. Ladies mean about portion of the individuals in this nation in Pakistan. Be that as it may, in Pakistan generally females execute occurs in non-advertise exercises in the home or the casual market. In ongoing past ladies commitment in present day advertise exercises has been expanding. Elements deciding the calling of ladies are very perplexing. At the individual level females choice to execute is subject to such factors as the accessibility to ventures, information level and abilities. Underground Economy One of the issues from estimated GDP is alleged underground economy where exchanges are not answered to authentic specialists. As indicated by Schneider F. furthermore, Enste D. H. (2000), the outcomes from eight countries in African-american are uncovered, among these, Nigeria and The red ocean have the greatest underground money related frameworks with 76 % and 68 % of GDP; Mauritius has the most diminutive underground monetary framework with 20 %. Executing the forex prerequisite procedure, Tanzania had an underground monetary arrangement of 31 % (of GDP) in 1989â€90, and Southern African-american, 9 % in 1989 to 1990. The situation of the size the underground monetary frameworks for the Africa countries is strengthened by indistinguishable outcomes and recorded confirmation from Pozo (1996); Lawrence Chickering and Muhamed Salahdine (1991); and Lubell (1991). End I have clarified the utilizations and issues. I have likewise inspected the issues with genuine models.

Internship Report as a It Support Engineer free essay sample

My field of intrigue is IT Support Engineer and I worked in this field and addition huge information on this field. This experience will help to me to land position on this related field. The reason for the entry level position program is to assist understudies with concentrating on their vocation advantages and possibilities. The entire program qualifies for offer the chance to learn, watch and decide their objectives and points. Toward the finish of the period, the investigation permits them to accumulate data and build a report on their perceptions, information and experience. As expressed before the investigation likewise helps understudies in finishing their scholarly credit. The extent of the report is to depict the reasons for the temporary position program and the work experienced during the program. The report characterizes the obligations, wellsprings of information, data of the work shrouded in the program span with issues and accomplishments. The action plan is the work appropriation of an internee so as to finish the entry level position program. We will compose a custom exposition test on Entry level position Report as an It Support Engineer or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The effectiveness and development with which an Engineer plans the exercises identified with a system decides the specialist comprehends of his/her work. Planning decides the fundamental assignments and apportions each errand the vital time. The temporary job program permits internees to see how procedures work and what is should have been ready to perform productively. Issues may surface while setting up a nitty gritty entry level position report because of trouble in procuring data or information and restricted earlier information in specialized report composing. While getting data, an internee may confront troubles in speaking with different wellsprings of data and furthermore face challenges in obscure stage. So as to have adequate measure of information before the finish of this program, an internee ought to have the option to discuss well with the kindred associates and acquire data as much as possible with the constraints in question. Link3 Technologies Ltd. is a full-administration IT organization and arrangement supplier with unmatched mastery in programming advancement upkeep, organizing, PC deals administration, electronic arrangement, PC equipment programming deals support. They are vision is to give the most extreme fulfillment to our customers through steady pledge to Service Standards in each part of our business. They accomplish our vision on the quality of our exceptionally energetic representatives in a mindful workplace. Link3 Technologies Ltd. is had some expertise in structuring, creating, and conveying compelling IT answers for help smooth out IT works and improve the serious situation of the customers. They are a Customer Focused Company attempting to give imaginative arrangements, which are conveyed with Reliability and Timeliness, Flexibility and Low Cost. Consumer loyalty is our essential point. They structure arrangements keeping the business necessities of customers just as specialized prerequisites at the top of the priority list.

How to Write a Personal Essay - The Basic Guidelines You Need to Know

How to Write a Personal Essay - The Basic Guidelines You Need to KnowWriting a personal essay is one of the hardest things in college life. Even after spending countless hours reading books and studying essays and e-mails, most of us cannot bring ourselves to put all our thoughts and feelings into a piece of writing. But you know what? You can do it!When it comes to how to write a personal essay, you can get a lot of help by using the Internet. There are tons of tips and strategies on this subject that can help you start making headway. First, make sure you have a few copies of your essay, just in case you get overwhelmed at the end. Having your work sitting around the house is pretty embarrassing but think of the time you'll save by never having to go to a bookstore!Start with an outline: If you haven't already done so, make a rough outline of how you plan to go about how to write a personal essay. Spend a good amount of time on the first paragraph of your essay, what kind of things you are going to address in there, and what the focus of your essay will be. That is the key to a successful essay. By keeping your subject in mind, you can avoid writing as much as possible about what you don't like about yourself. Instead, pay attention to the positives and highlight them as much as possible.Make your topic personal: One of the most important things you should remember when writing a personal essay is that you should make your topic as personal as possible. Don't be afraid to have a little fun with your topic. Have you ever heard the saying 'anything worth having is worth doing'? Well, if you use that saying in this case, then I think you will find that a little fun can go a long way!Your goals: Your goals and objectives for the piece should be clear. Once you have a theme in mind, you can start to think about what your point is going to be in the essay. Think about where you want to go with it. Be as specific as possible. If you can't pinpoint exactly what you w ant, use some of the things that you love about yourself to drive your point.Begin to research: The next thing you need to do when how to write a personal essay is to look up as much information as you can about yourself. You want to come across as confident and original. It is also good to visit family members and friends so you can get an inside look at who you are, where you came from, and what you expect out of life.Leave room for yourself: When writing a personal essay, the main goal is to present yourself and your ideas. Don't limit yourself to the words you are allowed to use. Include plenty of full-length paragraphs where you can talk about why you believe you are right about something. There are no strict rules as to how much you can talk about yourself, as long as you know you are getting the point across.Use a grammar check: This is the one big rule that can help you with how to write a personal essay. If you have a college student writing an essay on you, you can't affor d to skimp on your grammar. Grammar is an absolute necessary tool when writing a personal essay. Using a grammar check on a regular basis will help you stay on track and will also help you see what is grammatically wrong.

The Nature of Dalit Literature and The Life We Live by Arun Kamble - Literature Essay Samples

Dalit literature, to which The Life We Live belongs, is essentially a type of Indian literature that voices the angst of the subaltern in India. The works of Dalit Literature are known for their stark portrayal of reality. They depart from the romantic notions of what life is and tell things in a realistic light. Dalit Literature is often compared to slave narratives. Its origin lies in the exploitation and consequent persecution of Dalits in the Indian terrain. Dalit literature is most often seen through the mechanism of protest literature, since it shares a lot of characteristics with protest literature. It is essentially a post-independent literary phenomenon that is used as a tool of social activism for elevating the position of Dalits in the society. This literature emanates from the margins. It answers the question, Can the subaltern speak?, and the answer seems to be a defiant yes. Moreover, Dalit literature invokes violent and disturbing imagery, foregrounding the texts in real narratives. This literature allows space for self-reflection of Non-Dalits over their treatment of the marginalised. This kind of literature goes hand in hand with social activism, formulating resistance against the oppression of the dominant classes. Dalit literature is hence filled with slang and casual language, which helps Dalit writers portray the quotidian lives and struggles of Dalits. It doesnt glorify or romanticise reality, but is a projection of the subversive capacity of the community. One work that stands out in the canon of Dalit literature is Arun Kambles The Life We Live. This is a work that expresses the reality of Dali lives and juxtaposes it with that of the lives of the savarna. It has an overriding tone of dissent, and activism is deeply rooted in this work. It is essentially a justification of the literatures from the margins, and follows the process of actively writing back to the centre. This work records the stark disparity between the lives of Dalits and upper caste people. THE POEM (Excerpt) If you were to live the life we live Then out of you would poems arise. We:kicked and spat at for our piece of bread. You: fetch fulfillment and name of the Lord. We:down-gutter degraders of our heritage. You:its sole repository,descendants of the sage. We:never have a paisa to scratch our arse. You: the golden cup of offerings in your bank. . . . It is very clear from the first look at the poem that there is an underlying anger and resentment in the poet. He essentially brings together elements from the lives of Dalits as well as Savarnas, detailing the stark disparity in the lives they lead. This poetry uses a mode of subversion by reversing the power hierarchy in the end. In the beginning, the poet says, If you were to live the life we live/ Then out of you would poems arise., talking about the fact that the very act of writing is a form of protest. The poems of the people from the Dalit community are a manifestation of an inner angst that is latent, and often untapped. These are pain narratives that help the community speak out as an act of defiance and counter the master narrative with their realistic portrayal of the oppression of Dalits.Out of you would poems arise is an indication that their literature is a product of a legacy of oppression. The poet talks about how Dalits have no access to a prosperous life, and their path to happiness is hindered by constant oppression. In fact, Your bodies flame in sandalwood/ Ours are shoved under half-turned sand. is an indication that even in death Dalits have no peace and they are not even given a decent burial, whereas the Savarnas lead privileged lives. The idea of reversal of roles in the end is a radical notion. The fact that the poet says, Wouldn’t the world change, and fast/ If you were forced to live at last/ This life that’s all we’ve always had? shows the extent of pain his community has suffered, a pain that has been registered in their collective memory. By saying so, the poet actively challenges and outright condemns the fallacy of caste segregation by suggesting a change in the dominant social order as an act of justice. Hence, by saying so, the poet brings out the activist themes in the poem.

Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya National - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4357 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? For the purpose of making project in the subject Administrative Law, a very distinct and important topic has been taken as the central issue of it. The Doctrine of Substantial Ultra Vires which is the present issue in concern is a substantial principle of administrative law having its own importance and influence in the legal scenario irrespective of the boundaries of law. Therefore the research would be deliberating upon the topic concerned. Research methodology to be followed: To deliberate upon the issue Doctrine of Substantial Ultra Vires will be dealt in a systematic and particular way. In this regard, Doctrinal approach has been adopted and compilation from literary sources, course materials, articles, reviews, e-databases and books have been given special importance. Along with founding sources the recent developments in form of judicial pronouncement and case study has also been incorporated in this project. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya National" essay for you Create order The Doctrine of Ultra Vires: An Introduction The doctrine of ultra vires is the basic doctrine in administrative law. The doctrine envisages that an authority can exercise only so much power as is conferred on it by law. An action of the authority is intra vires when it falls within the limits of the power conferred on it but ultra vires if it goes outside this limit. The doctrine of ultra vires has two aspects: substantive and procedural. When a piece of delegated legislation is declared to be ultra vires, it is void and becomes unenforceable. It cannot affect the rights and duties of any person. Until a rule is declared invalid by a court, it is presumed to be valid. If the valid and the invalid parts of a rule can be severed, only then the invalid portion of the rule is quashed and the valid portion can continue to remain operative. However, if the valid and the invalid parts are inextricably mixed up, then the entire rule has to go. A void rule cannot be the basis of any administrative action. No one can be prosecuted under a void rule. The validity of a rule can be challenged in a court either directly or collaterally, or by way of defense to a civil claim based on the impugned rule, or as a defense in a prosecution for infringing the rule. A person can challenge the validity of administrative action by challenging the validity of the relevant rule. A person whose interest is affected adversely by a piece of del egated legislation can directly challenge its vires in a court. The court may grant an injunction or declaration or issue mandamus or award damages to the affected person as may be suitable. If the subordinate or delegated legislation goes beyond the scope of authority conferred on the delegate or it is in conflict with the parent or enabling act, it is called substantive ultra vires. The validity of the subordinate or delegated legislation may be challenged before the Courts on this ground. Grounds on which Delegated legislation may be challenged Enabling or Parent Act is unconstitutional: In India, there is supremacy of the Constitution and therefore an act passed by the Legislature is required to be in conformity with the constitutional requirement and if it is found to be in violation of the constitutional provisions, the court declares it unconstitutional and void. If enabling or parent act (i.e the act providing for the delegation) is void and subordinate or delegated legislation made under the act will also be declared to be unconstitutional and therefore void. The limits of the Constitution may be express and implied. Express Limit: Articles 13, 245 and 246 provide the express limits of the constitution. Article 13(1) provides that all laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of the constitution in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of Part III (fundamental rights) shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void. According to article 13(2), the state shall not make any law which takes away or abridges t he rights conferred by part III (i.e the Fundamental Rights) and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void. Article 13(3) makes it clear that for this purpose, unless the context otherwise requires , law includes any ordinance, order, by law, rule, regulation, notification, custom or usage having in the territory of India, the force of law. The legislature, thus, cannot violate the provisions of part III of the constitution granting the fundamental rights. If the parent or enabling Act is violative of the Fundamental Rights granted by part III of the constitution, it will be declared by the court as unconstitutional and void, and the subordinate or delegated legislation made under the act will also be held to be unconstitutional and void. Article 245 makes it clear that the legislative powers of the parliament and that of the state legislatures are subject to the provisions of the constitution. Parliament may make laws for th e whole or any part of the territory of India and the legislatures of a state make laws for the whole or any part of the state. No law made by the parliament shall be deemed to be invalid on the ground that it would have extra territorial operation. The state legislature can make law only for the State concerned and, therefore, the law made by the state legislature having operation outside the state would be invalid. In the matter of Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, the Karnataka Cauvery Basin Irrigation Protection Ordinance, 1991 was declared unconstitutional on certain grounds including the ground that it had extra territorial operation inasmuch as it interfered with the equitable rights of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry to the waters of Cauvery River. In short, no law made by Parliament shall be deemed to be invalid on the ground that it would have extra territorial operation. However, the law made by the state legislature may be challenged on the ground of extra territorial opera tion. If the parent act is declared to be unconstitutional, then the delegated legislation made under such act would also be declared to be unconstitutional and thus, void. Article 246 makes provisions in respect of the distribution of powers between the powers between the Parliament and the State legislatures. From article 246 and the seventh schedule, it becomes clear that the subjects have been divided into three categories Union list, State list and Concurrent list. Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of the matters or subjects enumerated in the Union list and of the legislature of any state has power to make laws for such state or any part thereof with respect to any of the matters or subjects enumerated in the State list. Parliament and State Legislatures both have power to make laws with respect to any of the matters or subjects enumerated in the Concurrent List, but In the case of conflict between the law made by Parliament and a law made by t he State Legislature with respect to such matter or subject, the law made by Parliament shall prevail and the laws made by the State Legislature, to the extent of repugnancy. be void, unless the law made by the State Legislature has received the assent of the President. Implied limit: If the Enabling or Parent Act violates the implied limit of the Constitution, it will be ultra vires the Constitution and therefore It will be void and the delegated legislation made under the Act will also be unconstitutional and void. The implied limit of the Constitution Is that essential legislative function entrusted to the legislature by the Constitution cannot be delegated by it. The essential legislative function consists of the determination of the legislative policy and its formulation as a rule of conduct. The legislature delegating its legislative power must lay down the legislative policy and guidelines regarding the exercise of tin delegated power by delegate. The delegation of essenti al legislative function is taken as abdication of essential legislative function by the Legislature and this is not permitted by the Constitution. In a case the Supreme Court has made it clear that the essential legislative function which consists of the determination of the legislature policy cannot be delegated. Such delegation would amount to abdication of the essential legislative functions. The Supreme Court has made it clear that the excessive delegation is not permissible. The doctrine of excessive delegation has played an important role in controlling the practice of delegated legislation. Excessive delegation is taken as abdication of essential legislative function by the legislature. The delegation must not be unguided and uncontrolled. If the delegation is excessive, the Enabling Act or Parent Act will be unconstitutional and therefore void and the delegated legislation made under such Enabling or Parent Act will also be unconstitutional and void. Subordinate or delegated legislation is ultra vires the Constitution: Sometimes it is found that the Enabling or Parent Act is not violative of the Constitution, but the subordinate or delegated legislation made under It violates the provisions of the Constitution. Such subordinate or delegated legislation will be unconstitutional and void, though the Enabling or Parent Act is perfectly valid. Thus, the subordinate or delegated legislation, (e.g., rules, regulations, by- laws, etc.) made under the Enabling or Parent Act may be unconstitutional while the Enabling or Parent Act is constitutional. Article 31-B of the Constitution of India is also notable here. The Acts and Regulations Included in the IXth Schedule of the Constitution are protected under Article 31-B against the ground of Infringement of any of the Fundamental Rights, but not against other grounds. The protection of Article 31-B is available only to the Acts or Regulations placed In the IXth Schedule of the Constitution. If an Act Is placed under the IXth Schedule, the protection of A rticle 31-B will be available to such Act, but this protection will not be available to the delegated legislation made under It. Thus, the delegated legislation may be challenged on the ground that it violates the Constitution, even though the Enabling or Parent Act under, which it has been made is protected by Article 31-B. (Legislature in 9th schedule is not under judicial scrutiny) (zamindari abolishment Act) Delegated legislation is ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act: The validity of the subordinate or delegated legislation can be challenged on the ground that it is ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act. If the subordinate or delegated legislation made by the delegate is in excess of the power conferred by the Enabling or Parent Act or is in conflict with the provisions of the Enabling or Parent Act or is made w ithout following the procedure required by the Enabling or Parent Act to be followed by the delegate, the delegated or subordinate legislation will be invalid on the ground that it Is ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act. The validity of the exercise of power is tested on the basis of the Prussians as it stands currently and not on the basis of that it was before. When it is made in excess of the power conferred by the Enabling or Parent Act: The subordinate or delegated legislation is held to be ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act when it is found to be in excess of the power conferred by the Enabling or Parent Act If the delegated legislation is beyond the power conferred on the delegated by the Enabling Act, it would be Invalid even if it has been laid before the Legislature. Where an administrative authority Is empowered by the Enabling Act to make by-laws to regulate market and the authority makes by-law which prohibits running of cattle market the by-law will be ultra vires the Enabling Act. In S.T.O. v. Abraham the Act empowered the Government to carry out the purposes of the Act the Government made rule so as to fix the last date for filing the declaration forms by dealers for getting the benefit of concessional rates on inter-State sales. This rule was held to be ultra vires the Enabling Act on the ground that the Act empowered the Government for making rules for prescribing the particulars to be mentione d in the forms and it was not given power to prescribe a time-limit for filling the form. When delegated legislation is in conflict with the Enabling or Parent Act: When the delegated legislation is found to be directly or indirectly in conflict with the provisions of the Enabling Act or Parent Act, it is held to be ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act. In Delhi Transport Undertaking v. B.R.I. Hajelay, a rule was declared Invalid on the ground that it was in conflict with the provisions of the Enabling or Parent Act, According to Section 92 of the Delhi Corporation Act. 1957, all persons drawing salary less than 350 rupees per month shall be appointed only by general Manager of the Delhi Transport Undertaking. According to Section 95 of the Act, no person can be dismissed by any authority subordinate to the authority who has appointed him. The rules made under the Act empowered the General Manager to delegate all his powers to the Assistant General Manager. The rule was held to be In conflict with the aforesaid provision of the Parent Act. The effect of the rule was that a person appointed by the General Manager could be dismissed by the Ass istant General Manager. i.e. a person could be dismissed by an authority subordinate to the authority who had appointed him while Section 95 of the Act provided that no person can be dismissed by an authority subordinate to the appointing authority. Thus, the rule was in conflict with Section 95 of the Act. Consequently the rule was held to be invalid. When delegated legislation is made by authority exercising its power mala fide: When the subordinate or delegated legislation is made by the administrative authority exercising its power mala fide or with ulterior motive, It is held to be ultra vires and, therefore, invalid. When the delegated legislation is unreasonable and arbitrary: Wwhen the de1egated legislation is found unreasonable and arbitrary, it is declared invalid. In India, in some cases to High Courts express the view that the delegated legislation cannot be challenged on the grounds of unreasonableness. However, the view of the Courts is that the delegated legislation may be challenged on the ground of unreasonableness and arbitrariness. In India doctrine of unreasonableness has been given the solid base of Article 14. The delegated legislation which is unreasonable and arbitrary can be challenged on the ground that it is violative of Article 14. In Air India v. Nargesh Meerza, a regulation provided that an air hostess would retire from the service attaining the age of 35 years or on marriage within 4 years of service or on first pregnancy, whichever occurred earlier. The regulation authorized the Managing Director to extend the age of retirement to 45 years at his option if an air hostess was found medically fit. The Regulation did not contain any guidelines or policy according to which the discretion conferred on the Managing Director was to be exercised. The regulation conferred on the Managing Director was unguided and uncontrolled discretion. The termination of service of an air hostess on pregnancy was unreasonable and arbitrary. The regulation was held to be violative of Article 14 as it was unreasonable and arbitrary. Briefly stated, the principle is that the delegate cannot make a rule which is not authorized by the parent statute. If the subordinate legislative authority keeps within the bunds of the power delegated, the delegated legislation is valid, however, if the authority exceeds the power delegated, then the courts will certainly declare it to be ultra vires. Substantive ultra vires means that the rule making authority has no substantive power under the empowering act to make rules in question. It refers to the scope, extent and range of power conferred by the parent statute to make delegated legisla tion. Briefly stated, the principle is that the delegate cannot make a rule which is not authorized by the parent statute. If the subordinate legislative authority keeps within the scope and bounds of the power delegated, the delegated legislation is valid; but if it fails outside the scope of the power, the courts will declare it invalid. Delegated legislation to be valid must fall within the four corners of the powers conferred by the statute. Declaring a rule in the Karnataka Motor Vehicle Rules, 1963, ultra vires the Motor vehicles act, 1939, as a rule was inconsistent with a section in the act, the Supreme Court declared in State of Karnataka v H. Ganesh Kamath that the rule making power cannot include within its scope the power to make a rule contrary to the provisions of the Act conferring the rule making power. Conferment of a rule making power by an Act does not enable the rule making authority to make a rule which travels beyond the scope of the enabling Act or which i s inconsistent therewith or repugnant thereto. As the Supreme Court has emphasized in State of U.P v Renusagar Power Co., if the exercise of power is in the nature of subordinate legislation, the exercise must conform to the provisions of the statute. All the conditions of the statute must be fulfilled. The doctrine refers to the extent, scope and range of power conferred by the parent act on the concerned authority to make rules. Conferment of rule making power by an Act on an authority does not enable the rule making authority to make a rule which is beyond the scope of the enabling act, or which is inconsistent therewith or repugnant thereto. Substantial Ultra vires Procedural Ultra vires: a Comparison When delegated legislation is In conflict with the procedure prescribed by the Enabling or Parent Act When the delegated legislation is found to be in conflict with the procedure prescribed by the Enabling Act, it is held to be ultra vires the Enabling Act and, therefore, void. If the delegated legislation is made without following the mandatory procedure prescribed by the Enabling or Parent Act, It will be ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act and, therefore, invalid. It is to be noted that the delegated legislation will be held to be invalid on the ground only if the procedure prescribed by the Act is mandatory. In short, if the procedure required to be complied with in making the delegated legislation is mandatory and it is not complied with, the delegated legislation will be held to be invalid on the ground of procedural ultra vires. If the procedure prescribed by the Enabling Act is not mandatory but directory, its substantial compliance will be sufficient and thus in case of substantial compliance, It will not be invalid. In Raja Buland Sugar Co. v. Rampur Municipality, the U.P. Municipalities Act. 1916 provided that the draft rules must be published in a local Hindi daily. The draft rules were published in a local Urdu Daily. The Court held that what was mandatory was publication of the draft rules in a newspaper. Publication In a Hindi daily was only directory. Consequently, the Court held that the rules could not be held to be ultra vires the Enabling Act merely because they were published In Urdu daily, (instead of a Hindi daily). The publication was made in substantial compliance with the manner provided In the Act. Test of measuring the validity of Rules Rules have to be consistent with the provisions of the parent statute. A rule cannot enlarge the meaning of a statutory provision. A rule has to yield to the statutory provision. If a rule goes beyond what the section in the Act contemplates, the rule has to go. A rule is ultra vires when it goes beyond the authority conferred on the rule making body by the relevant statute. To be valid, a rule must fulfill two conditions, they are: it must conform to the provisions of the statute under which it is framed; and it must also come within the scope and purview of the rule making power of the authority framing the rule. If either of these two conditions is not fulfilled; the rule would be void. To apply the doctrine of ultra vires, the court has first to interpret the statutory provisions to determine the scope of delegation of power, then to interpret the delegated legislation in question and finally, to adjudge whether the same is within, or without, the statutory power conferred. Difficulty in application of the Doctrine of Ultra Vires The efficacy of judicial control of delegated legislation is very much dependant on how broad is the statutory formula conferring power of delegated legislation is very much dependant on how broad is the statutory formula conferring power of delegated legislation on the delegate. Usually, the application of the ultra vires rule becomes very difficult because of three reasons: Powers are usually conferred in broad language. Ordinarily, the Courts interpret the enabling provision rather broadly. The courts adopt a deferential, rather than a critical, attitude towards delegated legislation. In India, the test of reasonableness is applicable to delegated legislation, both on general principles of administrative law as well as under such fundamental rights as are guaranteed under Constitution of India. Exclusion of judicial review Sometimes a clause is inserted in the Enabling or Parent Act for ousting the jurisdiction of the Courts to review the delegated legislation. This is called exclusion clause. Usually such clause contains the words rules made shall have effect as If enacted or Included in the Act Itself or rules made shall not be called in question in any Court. In England. in Institute of Patent Agents v. Lord Herschel expressed the view that such provision excluded the judicial review of the delegated legislation on the ground of ultra vires. However, In a later case, Minister of Health v. King. Lx Paste Yabbe. the view of Lord Herscheli has not been followed. In this case, the Court has held that inspite of the exclusion clause, the delegated legislation can be reviewed by the Court and can be declared invalid If it is found ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act. Thus, in England, the present position is that Inspite of the exclusion clause, the subordinate or delegated legislation may be challen ged on the ground that they are ultra vires the Enabling Act. In India in a few cases the Supreme Court has adopted the view expressed by Lord Herschel in the case of Institute of Patent Agents v. Lockwood, stated above (the Supreme Court has held that such clause will exclude the Judicial review of the delegated legislation on the ground of ultra vires), but in some other cases, the Supreme Court has held that inspite of such exclusion clause, the delegated legislation can be reviewed by the Court. The present position is that inspite of such exclusion clause. the delegated legislation may be challenged before the Court on the ground that they are ultra vires and the Court can hold the delegated legislation invalid, if it finds them ultra vires. Case Study Implied limits of the Constitution are those laid down in In re Delhi Laws Act case, namely the laying down policy and enacting that policy into a binding rule of conduct. Section 7 of the Delhi Laws Act, 1972 delegated to the provincial government the power to extend to Delhi area with such restriction and modification any law in force in any part of British India. Section 2 of the Ajmer Merwaha (Extension of Laws) Act, 1947 delegated the power to the Government to extend to the province of Ajmer-Merwaha any law in force in any other province with such modification and restriction as it may deem fit any enactment which was in force in any part A state. it also empowered the Govt. to repeal or amend any corresponding law which was applicable to part C state. The legislature cannot delegate its essential legislative power to any other agency and if it so delegates the enabling would be ultra vires of the Constitution. In the said case the Court held that the later part of clause 2 i nvalid because it authorized the administrative agency to repeal a law, which in the opinion of the Court, is an essential legislative action. In Indian Council of Legal Aid and Advice v Bar Council of India the Supreme Court held that: a rule made by BCI barring qualified persons above the age of 45 years from enrollment as advocates, as ultra vires, a sit fell outside the power of BCI conferred by it by the Advocates Act, 1961, Section 49(1). In Additional District Magistrate (Revenue) Delhi Administration v Siri Ram the Delhi Land Revenue Rules 1962 made under the Delhi Land Revenue Act,1954, were declared ultra vires as being contrary to the Parent Act as well as another Act, by making the rules, the rule making authority had exceeded the power conferred on it by the Land Reforms Act 1954. Ajay Kumar Mukherjee v UOI is a case where Supreme Court has said that delegated legislation ultra vires the act by cutting down the breadth of the delegation to bring it in line with the object of the delegation of legislative power. The purpose or object of the conferment of the power must be borne in mind. Conclusion Thus, to draw conclusion it can be said that if the subordinate or delegated legislation goes beyond the scope of authority concerned on the delegate or it is in conflict with the Parent or Enabling Act, it is called substantive ultra vires. The validity of the subordinate or delegated legislation may be challenged before the Courts on this ground. It is a mechanism to curb down the exploitation of power by the administrative authority as we all know that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. However in this field there is lack of development and there is no substantial change in the concept all though the changing nature of the current legislative method has widen the horizon of the power of the authority by giving them power to act according to the need of the time, even sometimes travelling beyond the restrictions.

Descartes Cogito Ergo Sum And Ontological Arguments

In this paper I intend to show that Descartes’ cogito ergo sum and ontological arguments both rely on the method of doubt and follow from the premise that essence implies existence. The cogito ergo sum is different from the latter one, however, from the fact that it did not contain the premise regarding the cause and effect of an idea having objective reality. The main problem with this argument is that while essence and existence were said to be inseparable, it does not happen to be the case. First of all, Descartes’ cogito ergo sum rests on the method of doubt, and it’s only true because it appears to him as most clear and distinct, and thus cannot be doubted. He said that, â€Å"What of thinking? I find here that thought is an attribute that belongs to me; it alone cannot be separated from me† . So what Descartes is saying here seems to mean that thinking is a quality that he possesses, and that he cannot exist without having this quality, which means t hinking is what justifies his being at this moment. He adds that, â€Å"I am, however, a real thing and really exist; but what thing? I have answered: a thing which thinks†. I take this to mean that the essence Descartes suggests here is him being a thinking thing. He is sure that he is a thinking thing because when he thinks that he is a thinking thing, it is impossible to say that he is not thinking, which is an attribute he claims to be a part of him in the beginning. The idea of this essence is pushed further in his waxShow MoreRelatedRene Descartes Ontological Argument957 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Cogito ergo sum† (â€Å"I think, therefore, I am†) (Descartes, Miller, Miller, 1983). Renà © Descartes was a philosopher of the 17th century who made major contributions to the field. Everything from his metaphysical arguments of existence of man to his proofs for the existence of God are still discussed and debated today. In the field of religion, most famous is his Ontological proof for the existence of God. In other words, proof that one can know God a priori, with no experience whatsoever. FollowingRead More Descartes Meditations Essay2147 Words   |  9 PagesDescartes Meditations In Descartes’ meditations, Descartes begins what Bernard Williams has called the project of ‘pure enquiry’ to discover an indubitable premise or foundation to base his knowledge on, by subjecting everything to a kind of scepticism now known as Cartesian doubt. This is known as foundationalism, where a philosopher basis all epistemological knowledge on an indubitable premise. Within meditation one Descartes subjects all of his beliefs regarding sensory data and evenRead More Comparing Knowledge in Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy and Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning876 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Knowledge in Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy and Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Rationalists would claim that knowledge comes from reason or ideas, while empiricists would answer that knowledge is derived from the senses or impressions. The difference between these two philosophical schools of thought, with respect to the distinction between ideas and impressions, can be examined in order to determine how these schools determine the sourceRead MoreEssay about Rene Descartes Faith and Reason1292 Words   |  6 PagesRene Descartes Faith and Reason The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed a colossal transition in the scientific view of the universe. 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He did not trust his own senses when trying to prove the existence of God and therefore he relied on the ontological argument. By making the same assumption made by Anselm, which was that an ontological argument assumes that existence is a predicate of God, Descartes is able to conclude that ‘God exists’ is true by definition beca use the subject ‘God’, who already contains all perfections, alreadyRead MoreRationalism - Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz1731 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world. The three major rationalists, Rene Descartes, Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Welhelm Leibniz, used this idea in order to defy skepticism and expose the true nature of reality. However, each philosopher is frequently in disagreement. The idea for ‘God’, and what constitutes substance, matter and reality are the four key structural beliefs that aid each rationalist in the forming of their arguments. Yet, it is these four concepts and the arguments behind them that cause the inconsistency found

The Violence And Drug Abuse - 1739 Words

In our days many people tend to listen to music almost anywhere they go. But unfortunately teenagers are the ones that get influenced by music the most, as they are less developed than the adults. In today’s days many singers and rappers that sing and rap about the drugs and violence. And for some reason that’s what teenagers prefer. The example of this singers would be O.T Genasis, Wiz Khalifa and Chief Keef. All these singers and rappers promote the violence and drug abuse in our society. In result, children become less successful in the society that they live and their physical abilities become less prominent. Resulting in very weaker generation. As a part of Chicago’s violent community, Chief Keef is known for his rap songs that only talk about drugs, violence and women. Chief Keef is also one of the most notable artists among the teenagers in Chicago. As many teenagers listen to Chief Keef’s lyrics, unfortunately many teenagers get influenced by it. In one of the Chief Keef’s songs called â€Å"I don’t like†, Chief Keef raps â€Å"I got a bad bitch, yeah that bitch right. We smoke dope all day, all night.† By rapping that, many young teenagers start thinking that smoking marijuana all day and all night is a cool thing because Chief Keef does that and many teenagers want to be like him. And as these teenagers get slightly older they become addicted to marijuana and then start taking much â€Å"harder† drugs. Also, Chief Keef through his lyrics promotes violence. As almost every songShow MoreRelatedThe Contribution Of Drug Abuse On Domestic Violence Essay1852 Words   |  8 P agesThe Contribution of Drug Abuse on Domestic Violence Substance abuse and domestic violence are closely interlinked on various grounds both in people s mind and scientifically. It is a common belief that substance abuse plays a significant role in the escalating numbers of domestic violence in the current society. 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The relationship between alcohol or other substance abuse and domestic violence is very complicated. A prevailing myth about domestic violence is that alcohol and drugs are the major causes of domestic abuse. In reality, some abusers rely on substance use (and abuse) as an excuse for becoming violent. Alcohol allows the abuser to justify their abusive behavior as a result of the alcohol. While an abuser’s use of alcoholRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Domestic Violence Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will be addressing the correlation that is between substance abuse and domestic violence. There are many factors that play a role in why domestic violence occurs in a home; this paper will be focusing on the factor of drug abuse in particularly. Early on in the course we learned that domestic violence does not only pertain to intimate partner violence but also to child abuse, elder abuse, and any other abuse of a person that occurs with inside the home. I will be provi ding researchRead MoreDrug Abuse And The Social Problem957 Words   |  4 Pagessome time before it came to be â€Å"defined† as such. What is a drug abuse in the social problem? Drug abuse is desire to use more drug than enough or than what prescription of the doctor in order to be comfortable and stimulants at the end the user become addicted and hopeless. Drug can be used with any gender according the age in the different environment and location, such as Community, society, school, prison, groups and Home. Drugs abuse can be anything like cigarettes, alcohol and Cocaine, MarijuanaRead MoreHow Violent Media Affects Children949 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a very important social issue that must be addressed to save our future generations from decline. The social issue I will be analyzing is how violence in media affects children. â€Å"Thus brutality itself becomes at once the means to success and the content of success –a success that is defined in its most general terms, not as accomplishment or specific gain, but simply as the unlimited possibility of aggression† (Warshow 433). Doing evil deeds to reach a certain level of success is how a gangsterRead MoreDomestic Violence And Substance Abuse Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence and Substance Abuse I decided to pick this topic because I was a victim of domestic violence, likely due to substance abuse at one point in time. Every single day was miserable and I had nowhere to go. I didn’t even know that he was using drugs. He was a few years older than me and I was naà ¯ve about what was happening. After several months, I was finally able to have my mom help me move back to Arizona. 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It is difficultRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On The United States1717 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrate the absurdity of the drug abuse problems in the United States, it should be brought to light that the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use Health estimated that â€Å"27 million people aged 12 or older have used an illicit drug in the past 30 days† (Hedden, Kennet, Lipari, Medley, Tice, 2015). As gun violence has become a popular topic in America over the past few years due to its’ related deaths, many Americans’ fail to realize that more people are dying from drug overdose than by weapon. In today’sRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Women1599 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence is a large social issue around the world that is commonly associated with the mistreatment of women. However, there are many different forms of domestic violence that affect men, women, and children (Domestic Violen ce 1). Victims of domestic violence may suffer not only physically, but emotionally and mentally as well. Domestic violence is a very important social issue because it negatively affects both the abuser and the victim. In the article, â€Å"Domestic Violence and Abuse: Types

Exercise Physiology for Risks and Mitigation - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theExercise Physiology for Risks and Mitigation. Answer: Purpose of the study and expectation The purpose of this study is to learn of effects of sleep deprivation on exercise or effects of exercise after sleep and all these based on performance. My expectation was to find out whether it is true that enough sleep is important to sustain peak endurance during exercise for better performance as coaches and athletes agree on this factor. Does sleep deprivation really has any direct effect on exercise and performance? Explanation of the outcome Adequate sleep is important to sustain peak endurance during exercise for better performance as coaches and athletes agree on this factor. However, the physiological and psychological direct effects of sleep deprivation are yet to be established. There is no proper measurement of effects of sleep deprivation on exercise or effects of exercise after sleep. Sleep deprivation results to dramatic psychological changes in terms of performance on visual and memory task decreasing as well as reaction to time (Walter 1978). However, in comparison to physiological changes, sleep loss does not have an apparent effect on a person physiologically. The connection between sleep loss and its effects on performance is yet to be proved and be agreed on therefore making the findings to be inconclusive and at conflict. There is no proper measurement of effects of sleep deprivation on exercise or effects of exercise after sleep and all these based on the overall performance. It is noted that physiologic al correlates of exercise performance can be affected by sleep deprivation .Variety of studies have been made concerning sleep deprivation and its effect on performance and exercise but none has had an established conclusive answer (Doran 2001). Studies and explanation of this hypothesis The two major studies that I used to explain my hypothesis is; 1. Exercise after sleep deprivation whereby I found out that as much as enough sleep is important to sustain peak endurance during exercise for better performance as coaches and athletes agree on this factor. However, the physiological and psychological direct effects of sleep deprivation are yet to be established. There is no proper measurement of effects of sleep deprivation on exercise or effects of exercise after sleep. Sleep deprivation results to dramatic psychological changes in terms of performance on visual and memory task decreasing as well as reaction to time. However, in comparison to physiological changes, sleep loss does not have an apparent effect on a person physiologically. In this study we look at how physiological effects of sleep loss have an influence over exercise. Various exercises from mid to maximal intensities were done so as to measure the responses to cardiovascular, metabolic and respiratory p rocesses (Dempsey 1977). 2. The second study was on one night of sleep deprivation decreasing treadmill endurance performance. Here the aim was to test this hypothesis and investigate the effects of one night sleep deprivation on endurance in the running performance. After an experiment was performed, my hypothesis was supported and shows that with the 30 hours of sleep deprivation, there was a major effect on endurance performance of running in the treadmill. Another discovery was that participants perception of effort had an effect on performance as there was decrease in the endurance performance following the night without sleep (Brodan et al 1969). Participants The participants in my study were eleven recreational active and healthy males were picked randomly to complete the experiment in random trials separated by 7 days. One after normal sleep and another following a 30 hour without sleep. Variables in my study This study has both independent and dependent variables. The independent variable in this study is whether the participants performance and exercise will be affected by sleep deprivation. The dependent variable is the effects of these exercises on the participants cardio-respiratory, thermoregulatory and perception of effort responses during intense exercise. Study approach This experiment was done after an acute sleep deprivation process of 30 hours and results taken before, during and after the exercises. The experiment was based on random trials separated by 7 days. One after normal sleep and the other was following a 30 hour without sleep. Breathing was measured by use of a spirometer. The expired gas samples from breathing were put into test and it was noted that after the exercise the breathing effort was labored. An experiment was done to eleven active and healthy male participants to show submaximal exercise after sleep loss. The experiment was to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation and the after effects manifested after the deprivation. The exercise was to take seven days and the participants were to be monitored every day for the seven days. Before the exercise the participants were familiarized with the experiment procedures before undertaking the exercise. Daily exercises were required for the seven day experiment to see both physio logical and psychological responses of each participant (Doran 2001). Food was reduced to a light breakfast which the participants ate every four hours before each experiment. All exercises were done on a treadmill and speed and distance was tested as well as skin temperatures and heart rates. The 30 hours of sleep deprivation had limited effect on cardio-respiratory and thermoregulatory processes even after intense running exercise. The heart rate decreased by 7-8 beats min during the distance test and oxygen intake was also increase due to intensity of the exercise and due to sleep deprivation. Risks and mitigation of those risks The risk that was involved in this test was the prolonged sleep deprivation of 30 hours on the participants and subjecting them to very intense treadmill exercise for seven days. These intense approaches could affect endurance performance of the participants. However, the risks were mitigated by randomly separating the trials and splitting the seven days by incorporating rests in between. The participants were also health males who signed a consent contract to undertake the trial. The participants were also provided for estimated energy requirements and control nutritional and hydration status. Water was provided equaling to 35 ml and energy requirements were also available and enough (3280 (209) kcal d-1). Findings by use of a table on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE minimum rating6, maximum 20) during light, moderate and heavy exercise before and after sleep deprivation. Experimental series Control series Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Light exercise RPE 6.3 6.9 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.2 Moderate exercise RPE 10.5 12.3 11.0 10.9 10.7 10.6 Heavy exercise RPE 14.4 17.1 15.6 15.2 14.9 14.7 During submaximal exercise, sleep deprivation left no changes in all physiological variables as shown in the above table. During maximal exercise, sleep deprivation did not change heart rate and did increase on the perceived exertion ratings in the moderate and heavy exercise (Copes 1972). It is clear to note that the return of perceived exertion to near control levels following a night of sleep shows that recovery from acute sleep deprivation may be rapid. Experiment findings Sleep deprivation mostly does not affect physical performance but has a direct effect on human cognitive and motor functioning. This has been proved before that sleep deprivation is more psychological than it is physiological. Human cognition is more psychological and motor performance is more physiological. Sleep deprivation has effects on performance and physical exercises and it affects the performance of a person engaging in exercise and the recovery process. Many athletes are affected by sleep and it results to effects on performance and post exercise recovery. There is substantial scientific evidence showing a connection between sleep, metabolic functions and cognitive processes. Sleep deprivation is majorly linked to cognitive impairment which is mostly a psychological function. Sleep deprivation also affects negatively the metabolic functions and physiological process Armington 1959). Enough sleep has a positive impact on optimal performance as many athletes, coaches and trai ners have confirmed. However, more sophisticated methodology is needed to prove this fact as little is known on the connection between sleep and post-exercise recovery and performance. It is noted that physiological correlates of exercise performance can be affected by sleep deprivation. More studies are being made thoroughly to investigate on the connection of sleep to training, PER and performance in exercise (Spielgel 1999). Study Results After the study I got results that agreed with what was in the literature a number of people may be prone to exposure to sleep loss or sleep deprivation based on different situations and circumstances. Despite the claims from different studies made that adequate and quality sleep is important for maximum performance, there is no substantial evidence to prove the same. There is little or no proof to tie sleep deprivation effects on exercise performance. It is noted that physiological correlates of exercise performance can be affected by sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation can be caused by a variety of factors such as cardiovascular, metabolic and respiratory processes. Sleep deprivation results to dramatic psychological changes in terms of performance on visual and memory task decreasing as well as reaction to time. However, in comparison to physiological changes, sleep loss does not have an apparent effect on a person physiologically. Sleep deprivation mostly does not affect physica l performance but has a direct effect on human cognitive and motor functioning. This has been proved before that sleep deprivation is more psychological than it is physiological. Human cognition is more psychological and motor performance is more physiological. . It is possible to endure and tolerate intense exercises even with sleep deprivation in all situations through increased perceived efforts. Many athletes are affected by sleep and it results to effects on performance and post exercise recovery (VanHelder 1989). . Acute sleep deprivation reduces exercise tolerance and therefore affects performance coupled with other various practical situations. These situations that can cause sleep loss are such as military personnel on sustained operations, workers who work on shift patterns and also athletes who travel through different time zones as well as people who suffer from acute insomnia. However, studies regarding performance in exercise after sleep loss are yet to be conclusive a nd accurate. Limitations on experiment and remedies During my experiment I faced one limitation and that was conclusive and accurate information regarding effects of sleep deprivation and performance. If I was to do the experiment again I would ensure I have enough information on how acute sleep deprivation could have effect on obtaining maximum performance in exercise. More proof and added information is required to connect sleep deprivation and its effect on physical performance and human cognitive and motor functioning. This will be able to answer if sleep deprivation is psychological or physiological. References Armington JC and L. L. Mitnick. Electroeneephadogram and sleep deprivation. J. Appl. Phystol. 14:247-250. 1959. Borg. G. Perceived exertion. In: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. J. H. Wilmore (Ed). New York: Academic Press. 1974. Pp. 131-153. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28(2):415-56. Copes K, Rosentweig J (1972). The effects of sleep deprivation upon motor performance of ninth-grade students. J. Sports Med Phys Fitness 12:47-53. Dempsey JA, Gledhill N, Reddan WG, Forster HV, Hanson PG, Claremont AD (1977) Pulmonary adaptation to exercise: effects of exercise type and duration, chronic hypoxia and physical training. Ann NY Acad Sci 301:243-261. Dempsey JA, Gledhill N, Reddan WG, Forster HV, Hanson PG, Claremont AD (1977) Pulmonary adaptation to exercise: effects of exercise type and duration, chronic hypoxia and physical training. Ann NY Acad Sci 301:243-261. Doran SM; Van Dongen HP, Dinges DF, Sustained attention performance during sleep deprivation: evidence of state instability. Arch Ital Biol 2001 (Apr);139(3):253-67. Himashree G, Banerjee PK, Selvamurthy W. Sleep and performance recent trends, Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2002 (Jan);46(1):6-24. National Sleep Foundation 2006 Sleep in America Poll. National Sleep Foundation. Available at: https://www.sleepfoundation.org/atf/cf/[F6BF2668-A1B4-4FE8-8D1A-A5D39340D9CB]/2006_summary_of_findings.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2007. Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 1999; 254(October 23): 1435-9. Tomporowski PD, Ellis NR. Effects of exercise on cognitive processes: a review. Psychol Bull 1986 (May);99(3):338-46. VanHelder T, Radomski MW. Sleep deprivation and the effect on exercise performance. Sports Med 1989 (Apr);7(4):235-47. VanHelder T, Radomski MW. Sleep deprivation and the effect on exercise performance. Sports Med 1989 (Apr);7(4):235-47. Walker JM, Floyd TC, Fein G, Cavness C, Lualhati R, Feinberg I (1978). Effects of exercise on sleep. J Appl Physiol 44:945-951.

Argumentative and Persuasive Current State Essay Example For Students

Argumentative and Persuasive Current State Essay Laws on Human Cloning Cloning Argumentative Persuasive EssaysCurrent State Laws on Human Cloning California Cal. Health Safety Code, 24185 to 24189. Bans efforts to create a human being by utilizing somatic cell nuclear transfer for the purpose of, or to implant, the resulting product to initiate a pregnancy that could result in the birth of a human being. Ban is to expire January 1, 2003 unless extended by legislature. Louisiana La. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 40 1299.36 to 1299.36.6. Forbids any person to clone or attempt to clone a human being, and forbids a health facility or agency to allow any individual to clone or attempt to clone a human being in a facility owned or operated by the health facility or agency. Clone is defined as in California law, to involve an intent to initiate a pregnancy. However, a separate state law prohibits intentionally destroying a viable fertilized ovum, and requires that no in vitro fertilized human ovum will be farmed or cultured solely for research purposes or any other purposes. La. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 9, 129, 122. Whether this prohibits use of cloned embryos for research depends on how courts will interpret the phrase fertilized human ovum. Michigan Mich. Comp. Laws 333.16274, 333.16275, 750.430a. Forbids any individual to engage in or attempt to engage in human cloning, applying civil penalties (up to a $10 million fine) and criminal penalties ($10 million fine and up to ten years in prison). Human cloning means the use of human somatic cell nuclear transfer technology to produce a human embryo. 333.16274(5). This law clearly forbids creating a cloned human embryo for any purpose, including research. A separate state law also forbids using a live human embryo for nontherapeutic research if the research substantially jeopardizes the life or health of the embryo Performing such research is a felony. 333.2685 (1), 333.2691. Rhode Island R.I. Gen. Laws 23-16.4-2 to 23-16.4-4. Bans use of somatic cell nuclear transfer for the purpose of initiating or attempting to initiate a human pregnancy, as well as the creation of genetically identical human beings by dividing a blastocyst, zygote, or embryo. The law seems to ban cloning by nuclear transfer only if done to initiate a pregnancy. However, a separate law prohibits the use of any live human fetus, whether before or after expulsion from its mothers womb, for scientific, laboratory research, or other kind of experimentation. R.I. Gen. Laws 11-54-1(a). An analysis commissioned by the National Bioethics Advisory Commission interprets this law to ban research on in vitro embryos altogether, apparently including cloned embryos. NBAC, Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research, Vol. II, pages A-4, A-10. South Dakota S.D. Codified Laws 34-14-16 to 34-14-20. Under this law it is a crime to conduct nontherapeutic research that destroys a human embryo or that subjects a human embryo to substantial risk of injury or death. Nontherapeutic research means researc h that is not intended to help preserve the life and health of the particular embryo subjected to risk. A person also may not use for research purposes cells or tissues that the person knows were obtained by performing such harmful nontherapeutic research. Human embryo is defined as a living organism of the species Homo sapiens at the earliest stages of development (including the single-celled stage) that is not located in a womans body. The law applies to human embryos regardless of whether they arose from fertilization, so it certainly bans experimental cloning in which human embryos are destroyed, as well as any use of cells or tissues obtained by destroying them. Given the current survival rate of human embryos created by cloning, it also has the effect at present of banning the basic research in human cloning designed to prepare the way for attempts at cloning for live birth. Virginia Va. Code Ann. 32.1-162.21, 32.1-162.22. The law forbids human cloning, defined as the creati on of or attempt to create a human being by transferring the nucleus from a human cell from whatever source into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed. It also forbids anyone to implant or .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 , .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 .postImageUrl , .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 , .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87:hover , .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87:visited , .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87:active { border:0!important; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87:active , .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87 .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u31fc4c8c60081b631a067ae2946d7a87:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Styrofoam and Clam Shells as Tiles Essay

The Food Impact on Health

Foods being consumed in the modern world contribute a lot to obesity and other diet-related diseases such as cancer and hypertension. In the UK, for instance, many of the edible products sold in the supermarkets are contaminated thus affecting the health of the people and most products, especially pastry products, have a lot of sugar, fat and salt. This can easily lead to diseases such as obesity due to lots of fats and sugars (Carpenter and Finley 215).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Food Impact on Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supermarkets in the UK influence high levels of obesity and health levels because it has been reported that most of them sell cakes and quiches that are made with eggs. The Food Standard Agency says that some of the manufacturers in the UK use eggs that have been contaminated with dioxins to make most of their edible products thus leading to health problems. The products do not last for long thus making them to be eaten just before their sell- by dates. However, the Food Standard Agency (FSA) highlighted that mixing of the eggs reduces the dioxins level hence no risk to one’s health. Contaminated liquid eggs came from Europe intended to be used in products like pastries and mayonnaise. Similarly, there was poultry feed that was sent to Germany for use in the pig farms, which had already been contaminated by poisonous dioxins. FSA said that â€Å"These eggs were mixed with other non-contaminated eggs to make pasteurized liquid egg. This pasteurized liquid egg has been distributed to the UK† (Behrman 30). Dioxins are dangerous chemicals originating from processes in the industries or burning of waste products. They contribute to diseases such as cancer and highly affect pregnant women. A report presented by the food commission showed that food products sold by Tesco and Sainsbury’s supermarkets have a lot of sugar, salt and fat, w hich is not healthy for consumption. The foods also promote obesity since the customers do not know which foods are healthy to them especially when they are being sold at a low price. There is a commission that proposed that Tesco and Sainsbury supermarkets should use various colors on the packs to indicate the levels of sugar, fats and salts. FSA insisted on the Tesco to use red lights on the sultana bran flakes because they contain high levels of salt and sugar. Similarly, sunflower would also show red lights on the pack due to its high levels of fat and salt (Slater 12). This clearly shows that most of the products are not healthy for human consumption and they are likely to cause obesity due to the high levels of saturated fats. Customers tend to go for the cheapest foods since most of them do not have the idea of the ingredients that make these products (Marion 88). Most of these products are affordable, such as the cakes and junk food, but are very unhealthy to the body since they have a lot of sugar and fat (Goodwin 11).Advertising Looking for article on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evidently, a healthy diet should contain, though expensive, many fruits, green vegetables, unprocessed foods, foods with less fat and less sugar. The government in the United Kingdom as well as other countries have has tried to improve the consumption of healthy foods by making the supermarkets to reformulate their products as well as promoting healthier products since they are very expensive. In France, for instance, the Angers court of Appeals has made an opinion on the vitamin C and supplements on food products to be sold in the supermarkets and hypermarkets. Their aim is to ensure that healthy and hygienic products are available in the supermarkets.†Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on Earth as much as the evolution to a vegetarian diet becaus e it reduces chances of obesity and the diseases related such as hypertension and diabetes† (Galdston 54). In Spain and Italy, the supermarkets have health food stores that have different organic and vegetarian items. Additionally, many vegetarian restaurants are also available and sell products made of soy and wheat gluten. So, in France, Spain and Italy, there is a wide variety of healthy products in the supermarkets as compared to the United Kingdom. A survey conducted in 1999 on the number of obese people in the four countries showed that France had the least number of people with 15% followed by Italy with 18%, then Spain with 23% while UK lead with 50% people who had obesity. This shows that obesity is very common in UK due to the unhealthy eating habits. â€Å"Interesting that France, Spain and Italy all have a low rate of obesity, maybe they are used to eating more healthy foods† (Mead 56). To achieve a healthy diet, one must eat different variety of foods .Supe rmarkets and hypermarkets have a major role to play in assisting people to eat a balanced diet by offering a great variety of products (Smith 145). Customers decide on what to eat; therefore, they just require good ideas on what to select. The ingredients of every product should be well and clearly labeled on the pack to eliminate confusion. Works Cited Behrman, Jere. The impact of health and nutrition on education. World Bank  Research Observer, 11.1(1996): 23–37. Carpenter, Ruth, and Finley, Carrie. Healthy Eating Every Day.   Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005. Print.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Food Impact on Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Galdston, Ian. â€Å"Human Nutrition Historic and Scientific†. New York: International Universities Press. 1960 Goodwin, Jenifer. Junk food ‘addiction’ may be real. Business Week. March 29, 2010. Marion, Nestle. Food Polit ics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. California: University Presses of California, 2007. Print. Mead, Margaret. The Changing Significance of Food: Food and Culture. London, UK: Routledge, 1997. Print. Slater, Maxwell . Food Policy Old and New. Development Policy Review, 21.5/6(2003). Smith, Andrew. Food Marketing. Oxford Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink  New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. This article on The Food Impact on Health was written and submitted by user Jadon House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.